About.com Animals / Wildlife

Photos: Scorpionfly Fossils

Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:38:34 +0000

Yesterday, I wrote about some extinct scorpionflies that scientists think may have fed on the nectar of seed ferns, conifers, and other ancient plants. Now you can get a pretty good idea of what some of these primitive pollinators looked like in this photo album of scorpionfly fossils.

Photos: Scorpionfly Fossils originally appeared on About.com Animals / Wildlife on Friday, November 20th, 2009 at 12:38:34.

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Scorpionflies: The Oldest Known Animal Pollinators

Thu, 19 Nov 2009 21:00:07 +0000

A new study suggests that scorpionflies that lived during the Jurassic Period fed on the nectar-like juices of seed ferns, conifers, and other primitive plants. As the scorpionflies feasted on the sweet liquid from these plants, they may have also acted as animal pollinators—couriers of pollen grains that are vitally necessary to the reproductive cycle of their host plants. If this scenario is true, scorpionflies represent the earliest known animal pollinators.

In general, for plants to reproduce, pollen grains must be transported from the stamen of a flower to the pistil. There are numerous ways that this transfer can take place—pollen can be carried from stamen to pistil by the wind, water, or by animals.

Until now, scientists believed that primitive plants—plants that predated flowering plants—relied mainly on wind for pollination, not on insects. The understanding was that it animal pollination didn't become widespread until flowering plants evolved during the late Cretaceous period (99.6 to 65.5 million years ago).

But that reasoning has now been called into question by Dong Ren of Capital Normal University, Beijing, China and his colleagues. The scorpionfly fossil evidence they present suggests that scorpionflies may have been pollinating plants as early as 167 million years ago, long before animals started pollinating flowering plants during late Cretaceous.

Animal ID Challenge - Nuthatch, Tufted Titmouse, or Chickadee

Mon, 02 Nov 2009 12:52:39 +0000

Photo © Chas53 / iStockphoto.

In today's animal identification challenge, we have a little grey and white bird with a splash of orange on its flanks. This little bird is about 6.5 inches in length with a 9.75 inch wingspan. It is common in mature deciduous forests in the US, east of the Mississippi River. Its song is whistled "peter peter peter peter" and its call is a series of thin nasal notes, "ti ti ti sii sii zhree zhree zhree". The adult has a black forehead, pale cream feathers around the eye, and a blue-gray crest and upper body. It has a splash of rusty orange feathers on its flanks just beneath its wing. This species does not migrate, choosing instead to brave the cold throughout the winter months throughout its range.

Your task is to identify which of the following three birds this species is: nuthatch, tufted titmouse, or chickadee.

After you have cast your vote in this Animal ID Challenge, be sure to check your answer here.

Animal ID Challenge - Nuthatch, Tufted Titmouse, or Chickadee originally appeared on About.com Animals / Wildlife on Monday, November 2nd, 2009 at 12:52:39.

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For Paper Wasps, Being Unique Has its Benefits

Tue, 20 Oct 2009 16:21:21 +0000

For paper wasps, it pays to have a unique face. That's what Michael Sheehan and Elizabeth Tibbetts of University of Michigan concluded in a recent paper published in the journal Evolution. Their research reveals that paper wasps (Polistes fuscatus) that have distinct facial markings become embroiled fewer aggressive conflicts than those that had facial markings that made them less easily distinguished from fellow wasps.

"It's good to be different, to wear a name tag advertising your identity," said Michael Sheehan.

In previous research, Elizabeth Tibbetts showed that paper wasps are able to recognize each other based on their distinct facial markings. Now, this latest research reveals just how a unique face can help an individual wasps by enabling it to avoid unnecessary confrontations with other wasps.

Tibbets and Sheehan set up experiments in which they modified the facial patterns of wasps and evaluated the aggressive behavior among individuals in the group. Each group had three wasps whose faces they modified to look similar as well as a fourth wasp whose facial markings were distinct from the other three. Tibbets and Sheehan observed that the wasps that were recognizable—those with the unique facial marking—experienced less aggression than those with less distinct markings. They reasoned that if an individual is reconginzed, repeated aggression is not ncessary as previous social interactions have already settled the question of social status.

Photo © Michael Sheehan / University of Michigan.

For Paper Wasps, Being Unique Has its Benefits originally appeared on About.com Animals / Wildlife on Tuesday, October 20th, 2009 at 16:21:21.

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Fossil Mammal Reveals Clues About Mammalian Hearing

Mon, 12 Oct 2009 20:46:47 +0000

Photo © Mark A. Klingler / Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

A team of paleontologists have discovered a fossil of a 123-million-year-old mammal that lived in what is now the Lianoning Province of northeastern China. The mammal, Maotherium asiaticus, was so well preserved that it has provided scientists with new insights into the evolution of the mammalian middle ear.

"What is most surprising, and thus scientifically interesting, is this animal's ear. Mammals have highly sensitive hearing, far better than the hearing capacity of all other vertebrates, and hearing is fundamental to the mammalian way of life. The mammalian ear evolution is important for understanding the origins of key mammalian adaptations." ~ Dr. Zhe-Xi Luo, from Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Mammals possess more acute hearing than other vertebrates, an adaptation that enabled early mammals to better evade predators in the dinosaur-dominated environment in which they first evolved. Mammalian hearing depends on three bones, the hammer (malleus), the anvil (incus), and the stirrup (stapes) as well as an eardrum (tympanic membrane). These structures were once part of the jaw bone in mammalian ancestors. In present day mammals, the bones are separate from the jaw. But in Maotherium asiaticus, there is still a connection between the middle ear bones and the jaw.

Fossil Mammal Reveals Clues About Mammalian Hearing originally appeared on About.com Animals / Wildlife on Monday, October 12th, 2009 at 20:46:47.

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Photos: Wildlife of the Great Plains

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 18:39:35 +0000

NPR has a fantastic collection of 15 images from a new book by photographer Michael Forsberg, Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild.

Photos: Wildlife of the Great Plains originally appeared on About.com Animals / Wildlife on Wednesday, September 30th, 2009 at 18:39:35.

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On TV: National Parks Feature in Documentary by Ken Burns

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 18:34:47 +0000

This week, PBS is showing a six-part documentary by Ken Burns, The National Parks: America's Best Idea. You can find out more about the series here and here. If you missed any of the episodes that have already aired (like I did) you can view them online here.

On TV: National Parks Feature in Documentary by Ken Burns originally appeared on About.com Animals / Wildlife on Wednesday, September 30th, 2009 at 18:34:47.

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Photos: Whale Sharks

Tue, 29 Sep 2009 18:30:09 +0000

This collection of images shows what divers photographed while participating the whale shark photo monitoring project.

Photos: Whale Sharks originally appeared on About.com Animals / Wildlife on Tuesday, September 29th, 2009 at 18:30:09.

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Photo Monitoring Ningaloo's Whale Sharks

Tue, 22 Sep 2009 06:23:35 +0000

Whale sharks are anything but camera shy. Between 1995 and 2006, scientists, tourists, divers, and tour guides snapped more than 5100 underwater photographs of these gentle giants at Ningaloo Marine Park, off the coast of Western Australia. The photographs weren't random portraits of fish. They were all captured as part of a long-term survey of the region's whale sharks.

While swimming astride the left side of a shark, photographers carefully aimed their viewfinders at the patch of skin behind the shark's gill slits, just above the pectoral fin. The goal: to record the pattern of white spots and streaks on the shark's flank. This pattern, unique to each shark and retained throughout its lifetime, is like a human fingerprint. It can be used to identify the shark if it's sighted again.

The study, led by marine scientist Brad Norman of ECOCEAN and Murdoch University, used photo recognition technology to analyze the images and establish a database of shark "photo IDs".

Become an Animals / Wildlife Facebook Fan!

Thu, 17 Sep 2009 13:20:38 +0000

Animals / Wildlife is now on Facebook. If you have a Facebook profile, you can become a fan and stay up to date with the latest animals and wildlife articles and features.

Become an Animals / Wildlife Facebook Fan! originally appeared on About.com Animals / Wildlife on Thursday, September 17th, 2009 at 13:20:38.

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